Basic mechanical thermodynamics concept

The field of thermodynamics deals with systems that are able to transfer thermal energy into at least one other form of energy (mechanical, electrical, etc.) or into work. The laws of thermodynamics were developed over the years as some of the most fundamental rules which are followed when a thermodynamic system goes through some sort of energy change.
What is Thermodynamics?:
Thermodynamics is the field of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other properties (such as pressure, density, temperature, etc.) in a substance. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work being done by the system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Heat transfer is guided by some basic principles which have become known as the laws of thermodynamics, which define how heat transfer relates to work done by a system and place some limitations on what it is possible for a system to achieve.

Thermodynamic Processes:

A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy (i.e. temperature), or any sort of heat transfer.
There are several specific types of thermodynamic processes that have special properties:
Adiabatic process - a process with no heat transfer into or out of the system.
Isochoric process - a process with no change in volume, in which case the system does no work.
Isobaric process - a process with no change in pressure.
Isothermal process - a process with no change in temperature.
States of Matter:
The 5 states of matter
gas
liquid
solid
plasma
superfluid (such as a Bose-Einstein Condensate)
Phase Transitions
condensation - gas to liquid
freezing - liquid to solid
melting - solid to liquid
sublimation - solid to gas
vaporization - liquid or solid to gas
Heat Capacity:

The heat capacity, C, of an object is the ratio of change in heat (energy change - denoted by delta-Q) to change in temperature (delta-T).
C = delta-Q / delta-T

The heat capacity of a substance indicates the ease with which a substance heats up. A good thermal conductor would have a low heat capacity, indicating that a small amount of energy causes a large temperature change. A good thermal insulator would have a large heat capacity, indicating that much energy transfer is needed for a temperature change.
Ideal Gas Equations:

There are various ideal gas equations which relate temperature (T1), pressure (P1), and volume (V1). These values after a thermodynamic change is indicated by (T2), (P2), and (V2). For a given amount of a substance, n (measured in moles), the following relationships hold:
Boyle's Law (T is constant):P1V1 = P2V2
Charles/Gay-Lussac Law (P is constant):V1/T1 = V2/T2
Ideal Gas Law:P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 = nRR is the ideal gas constant, R = 8.3145 J/mol*K. For a given amount of matter, therefore, nR is constant, which gives the Ideal Gas Law.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics - Two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium to each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics - The change in the energy of a system is the amount of energy added to the system minus the energy spent doing work.
Second Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible for a process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter one.
Third Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in a finite series of operations. This means that a perfectly efficient heat engine cannot be created.
The Second Law & Entropy:

The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be restated to talk about entropy, which is a quantitative measurement of the disorder in a system. The change in heat divided by the absolute temperature is the entropy change of the process. Defined this way, the Second Law can be restated as:
In any closed system, the entropy of the system will either remain constant or increase.

By "closed system" it means that every part of the process is included when calculating the entropy of the system.

strength of materials basic mechanical questions

1.Define stress and strain. Write down the S.I. and M.K.S. units
of stress and strain.
2. Explain clearly the different types of stresses and strains.
3. Define the terms: Elasticity, elasticlimit, Young'smodulusandModulus of rigidity.
4. State Hooke's law.
5. Three sections of a bar are having different lengths and different
Diameters. The bar is subjected to an axial load p. Determine the total change
in length of the bar. Take Young's'modul of different sections same.
6. Distinguish between the following, giving due explanation:
(1) Stress and strain,
(2) Force and stress, and
(3) Tensile stress and compressive stress.
7. Prove that the total extension of a uniformly tapering rod of
Diameters D1 and D2, whenthe rod issubjectedto an axial load P is given by 4PL dL .Ceded
Where L=Total length of the rod
8. Define a composite bar. How will you find the stresses and load Carried by each member of a composite bar?
9, Define modular ratio, thermal stresses, thermal strains and Poisson’s ratio.
10. A rod whose ends are fixed to rigid supports, is heated so that
Rise in temperature is rc. Prove that the thermal strain and stresses
Setup in the rod are given by, Thermal strain=a. T and Thermal stress=a.T.E.
Where a=Co-efficient of linear expansion.
11. What is the procedure of finding thermal stresses in a composite Bar?
12 what do you mean by 'a bar of uniform strength’?
13 Find an expression for the total elongation of a bar due to its Own weight, when the bar is fixed at its upper end and hanging freely at the lower end.
14 Find an expression for the total elongation of a uniformly
Tapering rectangular bar when it is subjected to an axial load P.
15.Define and explain the following terms:
Shear force, bending moment, shear force diagram and bending
Moment diagram.
16.What are the different types of beams? Differentiate between
a cantilever and a simply supported beam.
17.What are the different types of loads acting on a beam?
18.Differentiate between a point load and a uniformly distributed load.
19.What are the. Sign conventions for shear force and bending
Moment in general? '
20.Draw the S.F. and, B.M. diagrams for a cantilever of length L
Carrying a point load W at the free end.
21.Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a cantilever of length L
Carrying uniformly distributed load of w per m length over its entire length.
22.Draw the S.F. and, B.M. diagrams for a cantilever of length L
Carrying a gradually varying load from zero at the free end to w per unit
Length at the fixed end.
23.Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a simply supported beam
of length L carrying a point loads Wat its middle point.
24.Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a simply supported beam
Carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length over the entire
Span. Also calculate the maximum B.M.
25.Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a simply supported beam
Carrying a uniformly varying load from zero at each end to w per unit length
at the centre. '
26.What do you mean by point of contra flexure? Is the point of
Contra flexure and point of inflexion different?
27. How many points of contra flexure you will have for simply
Supported beam overhanging at one end only?
28.How will you draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a beam?
29.Which is subjected to inclined loads?
30.What do you mean by thrust diagram?
31.Draw the S.F. and B.M.diagramsfor a simply supported beam of length L which is subjected to a clockwise couple 11at the centre of the Beam.
32.Define the terms: bending stress in a beam. neutral axis and
section modulus.
33.What do you mean by 'simple bending' or 'pure bending’?
34.What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending?
35.Derive an expression for bending stress at a layer in a beam.
36.What do you understand by neutral axis and ", moment of
Resistance?
37.Prove the relation,
M=L=~
I y R'
l=M.O.I.
where M=Bending moment,
y=Distance from N.A.
f=Bending stress,
R=Radius of curvature.
E=Young's modulus, and
(Bangalore University, Jan. 1990)
38.What do you mean by section modulus? Find an expression
for section modulus for a rectangular, circular and hollow circular sections.
39.How would you find the bending stress in unsymmetrical
section?
40.What is the meaning of 'Strength of a section’?
41.Define and explain the terms: modular ratio, fletched beams
and equivalent section.
42.What is the procedure of finding bending stresses in case of
fletched beams when it is of (i) a symmetrical section and (ii) an
unsymmetrical section?
43.Explain the terms: Neutral axis, section modulus, and moment
of resistance. (Bangalore University, July 1988)
44.Show that for a beam subjected to pure bending, neutral axis
coincides with the centroid of the cross-section.
(Bangalore University, March 1989)
45.Prove that the bending stress in any fiber is proportional to the distance
of that fiber from neutrally in beam. (BhavnagarUniversity, 1992)
46.Define the terms: Torsion, torsion rigidity and polar moment
of inertia.
47.Derive an expression for the shear stress produced in a circular
shaft which is subject to torsion. What are the assumptions made in the
derivation?
48.Find an expression for the torque transmitted by a hollow
Circular shaft of external diameter=Do and internal diameter=Dj.
49.Define the term 'Polar modulus'. Find the expressions for polar
Modulus for a solid shaft and for a hollow shaft
50.What do you mean by 'strength of a shaft' 1
51.Define torsional rigidity of a shaft. Prove that the torsional
rigidity is the torque required to produce a twist of one radian in a unit
length of the shaft.
52.Find an expression for strain energy stored in a body which due
to torsion or Prove that the strain energy stored in a body due to torsion is given
By, 2 U=.Lxv. 4C
where q=Shear stress on the surface of the shaft,
C=Modulus of rigidity, and
V=Volume of the body.
53.A hollow shaft of external diameter D and internal diameter d
is subjected to torsion, prove that the strain energy stored is given by,2
U=~ (D2+cf) xV4CD
where V=Volume of the hollow shaft and
q=Shear stress on the surface of the shaft.
54.What is a spring? Name the two important types of spring.

Basic mechanical`s thermodynamic basic questions

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. Define the term thermodynamic.
2 Explain the thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe.
3. Distinguish between closed, open and isolated system with examples.
4. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
S. What do you mean by phase of a system?
6. What do you mean by thermodynamic equilibrium?..
9. Explain the terms: state, phase, process and cyclic process
10 What do you understand by reversible and irreversible process? Give examples.
11. Explain cyclic and quasi - static process.
12. Explain the term "Energy". Discuss its various forms.
13. Define work. Show that work is a path function.
14. Define the term heat.
15. Choose the open or closed system from the following:
Water pump, pressure cooker, automobile engine, air compressor, steam turbine, boiler
System.
16. State the number of phases in the following:
- Alcohol mixture, coffee, water - oil mixture, aqua - ammonia, mildPure water, water
Steel, at room temperature.
17. Explain the concept of temperature.
18. State zeroth law of thermodynamics
19.State first law of thermodynamics.
20.What is PMM-1?
21.Show that energy of an isolated system remains unchanged.
22.Write the steady flow energy equation.
23.Write the relationship between specific heats.
24.What is adiabatic index? Give its usual value.
25.What is a steady flow process?
26.What conditions are fulfilled by a steady flow process? '

27.Determine an expansion for the heat transfer in a closed system isochoric process.
28.Explain the concept of a closed isobaric process and determine an expansion for its heat Transfer.
29.Determine an expansion for the work done in a closed isothermal process.
30.What is an isentropic process? Determine an expansion for the work done in a non-flow
Isentropic process.
31.Determine an expansion for the heat transfer and work done in a non-flow Polytrophic
Process. I
32,What is a free expansion process? What are its characteristics?
33.What is a throttling process? State its characteristics?
34.What is a steady
35.Flow process? Determine the work done in such an isochoric process.
36.Determine an expansion for the work done in a steady flow adiabatic process.
37.Compare the work done in a non-flow and flow type polytrophic process.
38.State the limitations of First law of thermodynamics.
39.State Kelvin-Planck statement for second law of thermodynamics.
40.State Clausius statement for the second law of thermodynamic.
41.What is a PMM2?
42.Are Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements equivalent?
43.Differentiate between a heat engine and a heat sink.
44.What is a thermal reservoir?
45.Differentiate between a heat source and a heat sink.
46.Describe the working of a Carnot cycle.
47.What are the limitations of Carnot cycle?
48.Define thermal efficiency of a heat engine.
49.Differentiate between a heat pump and a refrigerator.
50.Define COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator.
51.State Carnot theorem.
52.What is Clausius inequality?
53.State Carnot's theorem.
54.Define the term 'Entropy'.
55.Show that the entropy is a property of the system.
56.The entropy of the universe tends to be maximum. Comment.
57.What are the characteristics of entropy?
58.Draw the Carnot cycle on T-S diagram.
59.State Third law of thermodynamics.
60.What is the importance of third law of thermodynamics?